9^th Global Experts Conference on HIV, STDs and Co-Infections November 06-07, 2019 | Yokohama, Japan

The symptoms of HIV vary, depending on the individual and the stage of the disease is: Early stage, Clinical latency stage and AIDS. The first signs of Hiv generally appear within 2-4 weeks after HIV infection. Primary infection (Acute HIV) develop a flu-like illness within a month or two after the virus enters the body. signs and symptoms are: Fever, Headache, Muscle aches and joint pain, Rash, Sore throat and painful mouth sores, Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck. Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV) During this stage, HIV is still active but reproduces at very low levels. People with chronic HIV infection may not have any HIV-related symptoms, or only mild ones. In some individuals, persistent swelling of lymph nodes occurs during this stage. This stage lasts around 10 years.  When AIDS occurs, your immune system will be severely damaged. You'll be more likely to develop opportunistic infections. soaking night sweats, Recurring fever, Chronic diarrhea, Weight loss, Persistent white spots / unusual lesions on tongue or in  mouth, Persistent, Skin rashes, unexplained fatigue or bumps.

HIV infected People have extensively higher risk of some types of cancer compared with uninfected people. some of these cancers can develop and grow more quickly because of a weakened immune system  . People with HIV infection or AIDS are more likely to have certain other risk factors for cancer, such as being smokers, heavy alcohol use, needle sharing. certain types of cancer are more common in people with HIV than in people without it, these  types of cancers known as “AIDS-defining cancers”. These cancers include Kaposi sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer, Anal cancer, Oral and oropharyngeal cancer, Lung cancer. Standard treatments for cancer include. chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) are bloodborne viruses transmitted primarily through sexual contact and injection drug use. Because of these same modes of transmission, people at risk for HIV infection are also at risk for HBV infection. HIV infected people are disproportionately affected by viral hepatitis, and those who are coinfected are at increased risk for serious, life-threatening complications. Viral hepatitis infection is often serious in people living with HIV and may lead to liver damage more rapidly, persons at risk for HIV be tested for HBV and HCV infection  and vaccinated against hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

The most advanced HIV treatments seeks to inhibit the virus’ ability to replicate its RNA and produce more copies of itself.  HIV protease (an enzyme that cleaves and processes viral precursor proteins letting virion maturation). Treatment regimens containing combinations of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors, very often known as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), it revolutionized the treatment of people with HIV by markedly reducing viral load and decreasing the incidence of AIDS-associated opportunistic infections. Many patients receiving HAART nevertheless experience metabolic abnormalities and drug toxicities, have difficulty adhering to the complex drug regimens, and grow strains of HIV resistant to therapy.

People with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and chronic depression constitute a growing population of individuals in need of quality nursing care management. Nursing Care of Patients with HIV/AIDS facilities ranging from the primary-level health center to the tertiary-level hospital who work in a variety of roles to provide care to those with HIV. Nurses provide life-saving and life-enriching care patients with HIV.  Inpatient persons with HIV requires intensive nursing care. HIV disease may cause psychosocial transition (person's experience, view changes on the world), a stress-inducing experience, a developmental experience, , and existential crisis.   Nurses with resource-limited areas with evidence-based knowledge they can deliver safe and effective care to the patients.

Tests are used to diagnose HIV (to show whether someone has HIV or not) and other tests, including CD4 count and viral load, are used to assess the health of someone who is HIV-positive. HIV affects the immune system. Testing a small sample of blood can show the health of the immune system and how much HIV is in the blood. Other tests can look at the health of other parts of the body, which may be affected by HIV or other conditions. Some tests use blood samples, but tests can also involve giving a urine or stool sample or having a scan or X-ray.

HIV-related stigma and discrimination refers to prejudice, abuse,negative attitudes and directed at people living with HIV and AIDS. Stigma and discrimination also make people vulnerable to HIV. Those most at risk to HIV continue to face stigma and discrimination based on their actual or perceived health status, race, socioeconomic status, age, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity or other grounds. HIV/AIDS discrimination exists around the globe, including rejection, ostracism, discrimination, and avoidance. Consequences of stigma and discrimination may result in low turn-out for HIV counselling and testing, identity crises, isolation, loneliness, low self-esteem and lack of interest in containing the disease.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is the spread of HIV from a woman with HIV to her child during pregnancy, childbirth (also called labor and delivery), or breastfeeding (through breast milk). Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is also called perinatal transmission of HIV.  prevention mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), provide a range of services to women and infants. These include preventing HIV infections among women of reproductive age preventing unwanted pregnancies among women living with HIV, and providing women living with HIV with lifelong ART to maintain their health and prevent transmission during pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding. PMTCT programmes also support safe childbirth practices and appropriate infant feeding, as well as providing infants exposed to HIV with virological testing after birth and during the breastfeeding period, ART for prevention and effective treatment.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are generally acquired by sexual contact. Some STDs can spread through the use of unsterilized drug needles, from mother to infant during childbirth or breast-feeding, and blood transfusions. STDs are common and it is possible to be infected without being aware because many STDs do not display obvious signs or symptoms. STD testing once or twice every year is recommended. The most common STD's are:

Infection Prevention and Control is helpful to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Aseptic technique is normally applied to prevent the infections caused by different means. Sterilization is another process of killing microorganisms by the application of heat. Antibiotics and Antivirals plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Antibiotics are strong medicines that fights against the bacterial infection by stopping them to reproduce or kill bacteria. Infections can be cured by various antibiotics and antimicrobials.

Viruses are the smallest parasites, typically ranging from 0.02 to 0.3μm, although several very large viruses up to 1μm long. Viruses depend completely on cells (bacterial, plant, or animal) to reproduce. Viruses have an outer cover of protein and sometimes lipid. Viruses are classified principally according to the nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, not according to the diseases they cause. Diseases caused by viruses are AIDS, Zika virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C, polio, influenza, Dengue fever, H1N1 swine flu, Ebola, Herpes simplex, Measles, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Rotavirus, Rubella, Influenza.

One important prevention tool against sexually transmitted diseases and infections (STDs/STIs) is vaccination. Currently, vaccines are available to protect against infection with HPV, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Other vaccines are under development, including those for HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The development of safe and effective STD vaccines offers a potent tool for the control of STDs, including direct and indirect prevention of HIV infection.

Educational and awareness programs must be conducted to improve the public knowledge about the sexually transmitted diseases. People affected by sexually transmitted diseases have dramatically increased, millions of people are affected by the disease due to lack of awareness. Public must be aware about the impact of STDs on the lives of the affected people and the importance of preventing, screening and treating STDs. Poor knowledge about the STDs lead to increased health issues such as ectopic pregnancies, infertility and other complications.

Pediatric HIV Treatment Initiative (PHTI) to spur innovation and access to improve the lives of children living with HIV. PHTI will focus on overcoming the barriers to developing and delivering specific pediatric formulations and combinations appropriate for children. 

Most commonly, people get or transmit HIV through sexual behaviors and needle or syringe use. Only certain body fluids—blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk—from a person who has HIV can transmit HIV. These fluids must come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream (from a needle or syringe) for transmission to occur.

• Undetectable viral load and treatment as prevention
• The biology of HIV transmission
• Sexual transmission
• Medical procedures and other blood-borne exposure
• Condoms and lubricant
• Behavior change interventions
• HIV prevention vaccine
• Epidemiology and behavior
• HIV prevention policy